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pt5
4.0 TAYAMMUM
4.1 Excuses Permitting Tayammum
1. One who cannot find water while travelling, or
2. [One who is] outside settled land with approximately one mile or more between him and the water, or
3. [One who] can find water, but is sick, and is afraid that if he uses the water, his sickness will be intensified, or
4. If one in janabah fears that if he makes ghusl with the water, the cold will kill him or make him ill
[in all these cases] one may perform tayammum with the surface of the earth.
5. Tayammum is permissible for a healthy person in a settled area if a funeral is present, and the executor/guardian is other than himself, such that he fears that if he occupies himself with purification then the salah will elude him. So, he performs tayammum and prays.
6. Similarly, one who is present at `Id, and fears that if he occupies himself with purification, the salah of [one of] the Two `Ids will elude him, he performs tayammum and prays.
If one who attends Jumu`ah is fears that if he occupies himself with purification, the salah of Jumu`ah will elude him, he does not perform tayammum. Rather, he makes wudu’, and then if he catches Jumu`ah, he prays it, otherwise he prays Zuhr as four [rak`ah].
Similarly, if the time is tight, and one fears that if he makes wudu’, the time will elapse, he does not perform tayammum. Rather, he performs wudu’ and prays a missed prayer.
7. It is recommended for one who does not find water, but is hopeful of finding it at the end of the time, to delay the prayer to the last [part] of the time. Then, if he finds water, he performs wudu’ with it and prays, otherwise he performs tayammum [and prays].
8. It is not [obligatory] upon the traveller, if he is not inclined to believe that there is water close to him, to seek water. But, if he is inclined to believe that there is water, it is not permissible for him to perform tayammum until he has searched for it. If his companion has water, he demands it from him before he performs tayammum. If he denies it to him, he performs tayammum and prays.
4.2 Its manner
Tayammum is two strikes : one wipes one’s face with one of them, and one’s arms to the elbows with the other. Tayammum from hadath and janabah are the same [in their manner].
Intention is obligatory in tayammum, but recommended in wudu’.
4.3 Its materials
According to Abu Hanifah and Muhammad, tayammum is permissible with anything which is of the category of earth, such as soil, sand, stone, gypsum, lime, antimony and arsenic. Abu Yusuf (may Allah have mercy upon him) said : it is not permissible except with soil and sand specifically.
Tayammum is not valid except with a clean earth-surface.
4.4 Its Invalidators
1. Tayammum is invalidated by everything which invalidates wudu’.
2. It is invalidated also by seeing water, if on is capable of using it.
If a traveller forgot water in his bags, and so made tayammum and prayed, and then remembered the water during the time, he does not repeat the salah according to Abu Hanifah and Muhammad (may Allah have mercy upon them) Abu Yusuf said : he repeats it.
3. One may pray with his tayammum whatever he wishes of obligatory and optional [prayers].
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