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3.0 WATER

3.1 Suitable and Unsuitable Water

Purity from hadath is permissible with water from:
1. the sky
2. [lakes and] valleys
3. springs
4. wells
5. oceans

It is not permissible with:
1. [Liquid] squeezed out of trees or fruits.
2. Water which is preponderated by something else and [which has] removed it from the nature of water, such as drinks, rose-water, pea-water, gravy or infusion of safflower.
3. Used water may not be used for the cleansing of hadath. Used [water] is : any water that with which hadath has been removed,or which has been used on the body by way of worship.

3.2 Addition or mixture of substances with water

1. Purification is permissible with water which has been admixed with something clean such that it changed one of its properties, such as flood water, or water with which saltwort, soap or saffron has been mixed [as long as the water’s fluidity and viscosity remains unchanged].
2. Wudu’ is not permissible with any [small quantity of still water] in which filth has fallen, whether [the filth] is a little or lot, because the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) ordered for water to be safeguarded from filth, for he said, "None of you shall urinate in standing water, nor shall you make ghusl in it from janabah." And he (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "When one of you awakens from his sleep, he shall not immerse his hand in the vessel until he has washed it thrice, for he does not know where his hand was when he slept."
3. As for flowing water, if filth falls in it, wudu’ is permissible with it, provided no trace of [the filth] is seen, because [the filth] does not remain stationary with the flowing of the water. [For] a large pond, of which one end does not move [immediately] with the movement of the other side, if filth falls in one end of it, wudu’ is permissible from the other end, because the apparent [impression] is that the filth does not reach it.
4. The death in water of anything without flowing blood, such as bugs, flies, hornets or scorpions, does not render it filthy. The death [in it] of that which lives in water, such as fish, [aquatic] frogs and [aquatic] crabs, does not spoil it.

3.3 Wells

Cleansing of wells
1. If filth [other than an animal] falls into a well, it should be drained. Draning whatever water it contains is a cleansing for it.
2. If there dies in it a rat, or sparrow, or robin, or swallow, or venomous creature, or gecko, [then] between twenty and thirty buckets should be drained from it, depending on the largeness or smallness of the animal.
3. If there dies in it a pigeon, or chicken, or cat, [then] between forty and sixty buckets should be drained from it.
4. If there dies in it a dog, or sheep, or human, all of the water that [the well] contains should be drained.
5. If the animal becomes distended or disintegrated in [the well], all the water [the well] contains should be drained, whether the animal was small or big.

6. The number of buckets is reckoned according to a medium bucket which was used in the wells in villages. So, if a large bucket was used to drain water from it, such as could contain twenty of the medium buckets, that is taken into account.
7. If the well has springing water, such that it cannot be drained, but it becomes obligatory to drain it, they should take out the amount of water which was [initially] in it. It has been narrated from Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (may Allah’s mercy be upon him) that he said : Two hundred to three hundred buckets should be drained from it.

Finding a dead creature in the well
1. If a rat or something else [like it] is found in the well, and they do not know when it fell in, and it has neither distended nor disintegrated, they should repeat the prayers of a day and a night if they had made wudu’ from it, and [they should] wash everything which its water touched.
2. If it had distended or disintegrated, they should repeat the prayers of three days and nights according to verdict of Abu Hanifah (may Allah have mercy upon him). Abu Yusuf and Muhammad (may Allah have mercy upon them) said : there is no repetition [due] upon them unless they ascertain when it fell in.

3.4 Leftovers

1. The leftover of humans, and [of] those [animals] whose meat may be eaten, is clean.
2. The leftover of dogs, pigs and carnivorous beasts is filthy.
3. The leftover of cats, free-roaming chickens, carnivorous birds, and domestic animals such as snakes and rats, is disliked.
4. The leftovers of the donkey and mule are doubtful. So, if one does not find anything else, one performs wudu’ with them and tayammum. Whichever [of wudu’ and tayammum] he starts with, it is valid.